Types of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Their Variants

Key Points:

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not a single condition but a spectrum with various types and characteristics.
• ASD includes several distinct types that vary in severity and symptoms, each requiring different approaches for intervention.
• Early identification of the specific type of autism can greatly enhance therapy effectiveness and help tailor treatment for individuals.

When people ask about types of autism, they are often unaware that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not a one-size-fits-all diagnosis. ASD encompasses a range of conditions that affect an individual’s ability to communicate, interact with others, and process sensory information.

The spectrum is wide, with symptoms and severity varying greatly from one person to another. Understanding the different types of autism is key to offering the right interventions and treatments.

In this article, we will explore the types of autism and their various characteristics, providing insights into how each type presents itself. Understanding these types can help parents, caregivers, and professionals provide better support and care for individuals with ASD.

What are the Types of Autism Spectrum Disorders?

There are no distinct “types” of autism in the formal sense anymore, as the condition is diagnosed as a spectrum. However, within the spectrum, there are varying levels of severity and distinct presentations of symptoms. These include autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, PDD-NOS, and Rett syndrome—although some of these have been subsumed under the general diagnosis of ASD in modern diagnostic criteria.

The Four Main Types of Autism Spectrum Disorders

While autism spectrum disorder is categorized as a spectrum, it was previously subdivided into distinct types. Today, however, autism diagnosis is generally umbrellaed under the term ASD, with varying degrees of severity. Below are the different types of autism that are recognized or were once used in the past to describe specific manifestations of the disorder:

1. Autistic Disorder (Classic Autism)

This is the most well-known and historically significant type of autism, often referred to as classic autism. It was traditionally diagnosed when an individual showed significant delays in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Below are some key details:

• Symptoms: Individuals typically exhibit severe challenges in all three core areas of development: communication, social interactions, and behavior. These children may have limited verbal communication skills and struggle with social cues.
• Diagnosis: Autistic disorder is diagnosed when a child exhibits a range of symptoms, such as repetitive behaviors (hand-flapping, rocking), difficulty engaging in reciprocal social interactions, and trouble understanding spoken or non-verbal language.
• Treatment: Intensive therapies like ABA therapy are typically recommended to help children improve communication, social interaction strategies, and reduce disruptive behaviors.

2. Asperger’s Syndrome

Before the DSM-5 merged Asperger’s syndrome into the broader category of autism spectrum disorder, Asperger’s was considered a milder variant of autism. Individuals with Asperger’s typically have strong verbal communication skills and often show average or above-average intelligence. Below are some key details:

• Symptoms: These individuals may have difficulty understanding social nuances or non-verbal cues, such as body language or tone of voice. They may also exhibit obsessive interests or focus intensely on specific topics.
• Diagnosis: Asperger’s syndrome is often diagnosed when a child has significant difficulty with social interactions but does not show the language delays common in more severe forms of autism.
• Treatment: While these individuals may have fewer severe symptoms than those with classic autism, they still benefit from therapies such as social skills training and ABA therapy to improve their ability to interact socially.

3. Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

PDD-NOS was used to describe children who exhibited some, but not all, signs of autism. This type of autism did not fit the specific criteria for a diagnosis of autistic disorder or Asperger’s syndrome but still involved significant developmental delays in certain areas. Key details include:

• Symptoms: Children with PDD-NOS may demonstrate some difficulties with communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors, but these symptoms are not as pronounced or structured as those seen in classic autism.
• Diagnosis: PDD-NOS was a diagnosis given when a child displayed significant developmental delays but did not meet the full criteria for any other ASD category.
• Treatment: PDD-NOS, like other types of autism, benefits from early intervention, including ABA therapy, speech therapy, and social skills training to help children build a more balanced social and behavioral repertoire.

4. Rett Syndrome

Unlike other types of autism, Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder that primarily affects girls and is associated with developmental regression after an initial period of normal development. Children with Rett syndrome typically lose skills they had previously gained, such as the ability to speak or use their hands functionally. Key details include:

• Symptoms: The key characteristic of Rett syndrome is a period of normal development followed by a loss of motor and speech skills. This is often followed by repetitive hand movements, such as wringing or clapping.
• Diagnosis: Rett syndrome is diagnosed through genetic testing, as it is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. It is not typically diagnosed in children until after they have reached their first birthday.
• Treatment: There is currently no cure for Rett syndrome, but therapy, including physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy, can help children manage symptoms and maintain functional independence.

How are These Types of Autism Diagnosed?

The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder involves a comprehensive assessment by professionals, typically starting with a pediatrician or developmental specialist. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential for helping children develop important skills. Some factors in the diagnosing process include:

• Observation: A doctor or therapist will observe the child’s behavior, noting signs of social, communication, and behavioral delays.
• Standardized testing: Tools like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) are often used to assess social communication and repetitive behaviors.
• Parental input: Parents and caregivers are crucial in providing insights about their child’s developmental history, including concerns about communication, socialization, and repetitive behaviors.

4 Treatment Options for Different Types of Autism

Each type of autism may require specific interventions based on the severity and presentation of symptoms. While no two children with autism are the same, early and appropriate intervention can have a profound impact on the development of essential life skills. To explore this further, our article “Can Autism Be Cured? Understanding Treatments and Therapies” takes a closer look at various approaches and what they mean for long-term progress. Below are some of the most effective treatment options:

How ABA Therapy Can Help Children with ASD

No matter the type of autism, early intervention is key to helping children develop essential skills. ABA therapy, in particular, has proven to be one of the most effective tools for managing the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.

At Storybook ABA, we specialize in personalized ABA therapy for children in Maryland and Virginia. Our expert team works closely with families to create individualized treatment plans that address the unique needs of each child with ASD.

If you’re looking for high-quality ABA therapy in Maryland or Virginia, we can help. Contact us today to learn more about how we can support your child’s development and give them the tools to succeed.